1. Josef stalin
Josif (Josef) Vissarionovich Stalin, Vissariónovich Iosif Stalin), the original name Ioseb Jughashvili, (December 21, 1879 (Gregorian calendar dates) - March 5, 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union and a very cruel dictator, also known as the Man of Steel. He is thought to have ordered the murder of about 30 million inhabitants of Russia and surrounding countries. He is also known as a person who hates religion. He had entered the seminary in Tbilisi, but he later became no longer believe in God after reading the book Origin of Species by Charles Darwin.
He appeared as the leader of the communist party in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The main enemy of Stalin was Leon Trotsky, Leon successfully driven out of Russia later killed. Towards 1929 Stalin became head of state. He treated his rivals or anyone who opposes cruel degan them all executed as mesuh Soviet state or kampkamp put him into prison. In World War II (1939-1945) Russia's war with Britain and the United States against Germany. But after the war Stalin "put Iron Curtain" between the Western allies and Russia and most countries in Eastern Europe made the Communist state. Stalin was in power until his death at the age of 73 years. During his reign he not only oversees the whole of Russia, but also countries outside Russia.
2. Mao zeddong
Mao Zedong (Shaoshan, Hunan, December 26, 1893 - Beijing, September 9, 1976), is the name of a prominent philosopher and founder of the People's Republic of China.
Mao and his party
Mao party was founded in 1921 and Mao increasingly vocal. Between the years 1934 - 1935 he held the main role and lead the Chinese Red Army to undergo a "Mars Long". Then since 1937 he joined the Army to help fight the Dai Nippon occupying many parts of China. Finally the end of World War II and the civil war flared up again. In the war against these nationalists, Mao became the leader of the Reds and finally he won in 1949. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed and the Chinese nationalist leader; Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan.
The politics of Mao and Policy
Mao distinguishes two types of conflict; conflict of antagonistic and non-antagonistic conflict. Conflicts can only be solved according antagonist with a battle alone while non-antagonistic conflict can be solved by a discussion. According to Mao conflict between the workers and workers with the capitalists is an antagonistic conflict while the conflict between the people of China by the Party is a non-antagonistic conflict.
In 1956 Mao introduced a new policy in which intellectuals may issue their opinion as a compromise to the party who pressed for wanting to avoid the brutal repression accompanied by the motto: "Let a hundred flowers growing and a hundred thoughts are different competing." But ironically policy This political failure: the intellectuals feel dissatisfied and spend a lot of criticism. Mao himself argued that he had been betrayed by them and he revenge. About 700,000 members of the intelligentsia arrest and forcibly put to work in rural areas.
Mao believed to be a revolution of the eternal nature. It is also believed that every revolution inevitably produce the counter-revolutionaries. Therefore, he regularly combating and arresting what he considered his political opponents and the traitors or the counter-revolutionaries. Events of the most dramatic and tragic events of the liver is the Cultural Revolution that occurred in 1966. In the 1960s, students around the world did the happy-happy rebel against what they perceive The Establishment or the ruling. Similarly in China. The difference in China they are supported by their teachers and dignitaries including Mao's own party. The students and faculty to establish the so-called Red Guards, a paramilitary unit. Equipped with the Red Book of Mao, they attacked the lackeys of capitalism and Western influences and the other counter-revolutionary. As an example of their fanaticism, they are refusing to stop on the highway when the red light is on because they found a red color, a symbol of socialism may not mean anything to stop. Then the members of the Red Guard in 1966 so blindly in combating the counter-revolutionary that the Chinese state in a very precarious state and nearly destroyed; economy was not the way. Mao eventually forced to lower the People's Liberation Army to cope with them and curb their fanaticism. The result was a civil war that ended in 1968.
3. Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (April 20 1889-30 April 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) (Third Reich) Germany since 1934 until he died. On August 2, 1934, he became dictator of Germany after President Von Hindenburg died. He unites the post of chancellor and president became Führer once made as a single party in Nazi Germany. He is also a chairman of the Nationalist-Socialist Party (National Socialist German Workers Party or Nazi Party / NSDAP), known as Nazis. Nazi officially disbanded after the German defeat in World War II because Hitler dictatorship system. Hitler was a charismatic orator, Hitler is one of the most influential leaders in the world. When World War II will end, Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker in Berlin with his wife whom he married not long in the bunker, Eva Braun.
Nazi
Hitler then involved directly in politics and take charge of the German Workers Party (German: Deutsche Arbeiterpartei / DAP) in July 1921. Hitler used berpidatonya ability to become party chairman. He then swapped the name DAP became Nazi Party (NSDAP) or Nazi party. In 1929 the NSDAP became a majority winner in the general election in the city of Coburg, and then won the regional elections Thüringen. German President of the time, Paul von Hindenburg swore in Hitler as Chancellor ended.
Hitler and Darwin's theory
Darwin's theory has entered the minds of Hitler, even penetrate to the bone marrow. It is keenly felt in his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle). He likened the non-European races as an ape.
From inside her grow 'power' which is inspired by Darwin's theory that in order to sustain human life must be fought. He translated his dream by attacking Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Russia, etc. Even occurred to lust rule the whole world. He launched the concept that became the foundation Eugenics evolutionist views of the Nazis. Eugenics means 'improvement' of the human race by removing the diseased and the disabled and multiply healthy individuals. So according to that theory, the human race could be improved by mimicking the way a good quality animals produced by mating healthy animals. While disabled and diseased animals destroyed.
Shortly after coming to power, Hitler implement his theory with an iron fist. People are mentally weak, deformed and diseased offspring collected in 'sterilization centers' special. Since it is considered a parasite that threatens the purity of the German people and hinder the progress of evolution, at the request of the secret, in the short time they were all cleared.
Still in the euphoria of the theory of evolution and Eugenics, urging Nazi young blue-eyed blond who are believed to represent the pure German race so that sex without marriage. In 1935, Hitler ordered the establishment of special fields of human reproduction. In it lived the young women who have the Aryan race. The officer SS (Schutzstaffel) often stop there for nasty on the pretext of Eugenics. The baby is born later is prepared to be a soldier of the future 'German Reich'. According to Charles Darwin, because of the size of enlarged human skull while climbing the ladder of evolution, then across Germany conducted measurements for the Germans to prove the skull is larger than other races. They were not as big as the size of the official, as well as the teeth, eyes, and hair outside the criteria evolutionists immediately eliminated.
World War II and Fall
On September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland with attack blitzkrieg tactics (ground attack, air in a flash) achieve greatness which surprised the enemy and his own generals. The attack against the Polish cause enemies Britain and France declared war on Germany, with it began the World War II.
During World War II, the British led by Sir Winston Churchill who had replaced Neville Chamberlain who fell as a result of the scandal invasion of the Nazis to Poland in 1939, the French led by General Gamelin, who was appointed as the supreme command of the allies fail to withstand lightning strikes Germany to Belgium and France, the French eventually led by General Charles de Gaulle, who led the French resistance forces during the Vichy Government, as well as help the United States led by General Eisenhower as commander of the mandala in Europe although previously the United States was reluctant to get involved in a war that was previously considered as a European war.
After a long battle, and after defeat in every battlefield, Hitler realized that defeat was inevitable. Initial defeat of Hitler is the time pounding the city of Kursk Soviet Union in Operation Citadel, the German force consisted of 800,000 infantry, 2,700 armored tanks, 2,000 combat aircraft and led by General Erich von Manstein and General Walther Models while the strength of the Soviet Union consisted of 1,300,000 infantry , 3,600 tanks, and 2,400 combat aircraft. The attack plan was known in detail by Soviet intelligence residing in Switzerland. Stalin immediately ordered the army to build a strong defense in the Kursk region. In this battle a lot of tanks - tanks mainstay of Germany and the Soviet Union was destroyed, including Tank Tiger, Panther, Elefant (Germany) and Tank T-34, SU -152, and KV -1. Germany suffered a deadly blow at Stalingrad and punch attack allies in Normandy and failed in the Ardennes Offensive, the counterattack carried the German army, or Wehrmacht and a few remaining panzer divisions led by General Mantauffel during snow season to reclaim the city of Antwerp in Belgium. This attack took place in stumbling - seok and end up failing due to lack of logistics and supply fuel to the German Panzer still so many panzer "Fresh from the Oven" such as Tiger and Panther tanks piled at the curb because it ran out solar.Hitler who realizes his downfall was close later marry his mistress Eva Braun, committed suicide together on April 30, 1945. His body was burned so as not to fall into enemy hands.
4. Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Illich Lenin, real name was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (April 10 (April 22 according to the Gregorian calendar dates) 1870-21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, Bolshevik party leader, Prime Minister of the Soviet Union's first and creators understand Lenin Leninisme.Nama is actually a pseudonym and was taken from the name of the river Lena in Siberia.
Development into a Revolutionary
Meanwhile, when working as a lawyer in Saint Petersburg, he began to recognize the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Because the works of Marxism banned in Russia, Leninpun arrested and jailed for a year. Then he was exiled to Siberia. While in prison was Lenin showed his talent by beating the other prisoners in playing chess .In July 1898, still in Siberia, Lenin married a woman named Nadezhda Krupskaya socialist. In 1899, he wrote a book about the development of capitalism in Russia. In 1900, he was discharged from Siberia. Then he traveled around Europe and visiting conferences Marxist.
In 1903 Lenin argued with the managers of the Social-Democratic Party and Labour of Russia regarding the structure of the party. Martov an administrator wants a rather loose structure and autonomous while Lenin wanted a centralized structure. The party then split into two. People Lenin called the Bolsheviks, which means the majority and those of Julius Martov called the Mensheviks, which means minority.
Russian revolution
In February 1917, in connection with the great Russian defeat in World War I, the Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. Then formed a cabinet led by Alexander Kerensky. Then Lenin on 16 April 1917 returned to Petrograd, the name of the city of Saint Petersburg which has di'Rusia'-kan.
Then Lenin in July trying to organize the workers uprising. But this uprising failed, and Lenin fled to Finland. In October he was back again and tried to hold the October Revolution. At this time he was successful, then on 7 November 1917 according to the Gregorian calendar dates or dates of October 25 according to the Julian calendar, Kerensky revolution succeeded and forced to flee diri.Pada dated August 30, 1918, Lenin was shot by Fanya Kaplan, a revolutionary woman anyway, three times. Kaplan considers Lenin had betrayed the Russian Revolution. Lenin survived but his health began to decline and eventually he died on January 21, 1924 after a stroke four times.
5. Idi Amin
General Idi Amin Dada Oumee (Koboko, Uganda, approximately 1925-Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, August 16, 2003), also known by the name of Idi Amin, is the leader of the Ugandan military dictator who ruled on January 25, 1971- 13 April 1979.
Innings
Once Idi Amin came to power, Uganda became the very famous internationally. In August 1972, all Asians are citizens of the UK (60,000) were given ninety days to withdraw from Uganda. This action not because of racism, but because he wanted to give "real independence for the people of Uganda". The frenzy of course Britain, who officials hurriedly contacted Australia, New Zealand, and British Commonwealth countries other to discuss the shelter, especially Kenya and Tanzania refused to give shelter to refugees. Ten days later assigned the additional rule that foreigners who have become citizens of Uganda have to go from Uganda. There are around 23,000 inhabitants. Of course citizens of foreign descent who was born in Uganda confusion. If they go, their status is stateless (stateless). Plus, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (country of origin) refused to accept their return. Coupled with the policy nasionalisasai companies belonging to the European people in Uganda. Idi Amin was truly "confusing a lot of people".
As a result of this decision, arising out of severe economic crisis in Uganda. Approximately 90% of trade and industry controlled by Asians. Ugandans themselves are still very traditional and less agrarian skills, capital, and skills. Actually, the expulsion of Asians have been planned by Milton Obote as deemed too gripping Ugandan economy, but is still targeting five years, by reason of preparing people of Uganda.
Uganda government in such a mess that the UN International Law Commission report to the UN secretary general at the time, Kurt Waldheim on June 7, 1974, which read: "Uganda is a land without law". One of the peak of the crisis is requested asylum Finance Minister Emmanuel Wakheya to England because not stand against the economic decisions taken by the government of Idi Amin's military regime.
In early 1977, William Johnshon wrote the report, told the Bangkok Post that read: "After four years in power, Idi Amin has changed the lives of Ugandan bad. It used to be the country of Uganda exporter of tea and coffee, but because of the system of administration and poor transportation, hundreds of sacks of coffee sitting in warehouses waiting exported, semetara tens of thousands of tons are smuggled into Kenya. Uganda was once one of the country fertile in Africa, now agricultural produce is so scarce until the city's population to grow sugar cane and bananas, soap, sugar, and wheat were treated like gold so scarce. While in the countryside crop is so abundant, the city's population can not enjoy the results. Five years ago, operates 298 buses that run the government, now only 11 are still the road. "In April 1979, Idi Amin successfully overthrown by nationalist soldiers who assisted Tanzania Uganda. Previous Idi Amin with the help of Libya trying to attack Kagera, Tanzania northern provinces.
Idi Amin fled to Libya eventually fly which then requested asylum in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and settled there. According to him, the death rate of 100,000 to 300,000 people who dianiya and killed are due to improper intelligence section. Even the National Research Bureau threatened to kill him. According to Amin, a lot of bad things that are hidden when he came to power. When she found out the existence of the firm, it was too late.
However, during Amin has not fallen, David Martin in his article in the South China Morning Post revealed how Idi Amin know lunge oknumnya elements. He said he did not want to be president, tentaranyalah who ask for it, but the expulsion of Asians he said, "They are too powerful and flout our people".
Idi Amin had four wives. His first wife was Sarah or Mama Malian whom he married in 1958, which both Kay, Norah third, and fourth Medina, whom he married in 1971. In early 1974 he divorced his first wife so that three lived Medina. On August 1, 1975, he married Sarah, a rider death squads Ugandan Army. Four months later, he married the daughter of a businessman Babirye Uganda. Idi Amin at that time already had 34 people anak.Pada dated July 20, 2003, before his death at King Faisal Hospital in Jeddah, his wife pleaded with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni that Idi Amin was buried in his country, but this request was rejected. Idi Amin died in Saudi Arabia on August 16, 2003 and was buried in Jeddah.
On August 17, 2003, David Owen said in an interview by BBC Radio that when he served as secretary to the Foreign Office (1977-1979), he ordered that Idi Amin was killed to end the regime terorya. His proposal was rejected, but the reason for the regime of Idi Amin Owen is very bad, very terrible when he left in power for too long.
6. Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29 1883-28 April 1945) was an Italian who embrace Fascist dictator. He is the Italian dictator in the period from 1922 to 1943. He was forced to resign as Prime Minister of Italy on July 28, 1943 after a series of defeats Italy in Africa. After being arrested, he was isolated. Two years later, he was executed in Como, northern Italy. Mussolini put an end to a decade as in Germany conducted dictator Adolf Hitler with his Nazi.
Early life
Mussolini was born in Predappio, Forlì (Emilia-Romagna). His father Alessandro was a blacksmith and his mother a school teacher Rosa. Like his father, he became a socialist heavy. In 1902 he emigrated to Switzerland. Because it is difficult to find a permanent job, he moved to Italy. In 1908 he joined the Austrian newspaper in the city of Trento.
Out of it, he became editor of a socialist newspaper la Lotta in Class (Class Conflict). Here enthusiasm for Karl Heinrich Marx bigger. In 1910, he served as secretary of the socialist party at the local level Forlì and personality develop into antipatriot. When Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in 1911, he was jailed for propaganda of peace. This is contrary to its performance later.
Once was appointed editor of the socialist newspaper Avanti, he moved to Milan, where he establish himself as an influential force on the Italian socialist labor leaders. He believes, the proletariat can dibuhul in motion Fascio. Presumably this is the forerunner of a fascist movement, which was born at a time when the Italian economy deteriorated due to the war, and unemployment rampant mana.Pada March 1919, fascism becomes a political movement when he formed a group known as the Battle for black clothes, namely a collection of criminals, criminals, and thugs who acted as a bouncer at the financiers. Spooky appearance and every day they got into a fight in the streets.
After failing in the 1919 election, he developed his group understood, so it began to get the effect. They, fascists, rejected the parliament and promoting physical violence. Anarchy broke out everywhere. Liberal governments are powerless. He brought the "gang" it, a large number of fascists were looking grim, to perform Marching to Roma.Melihat group of thugs entered the haunted faces of Rome, King Vittorio Emanuele III shrunk hesitant. Mussolini invited to the palace and given the position of the Leader. On October 1922, the King asked him to form a new government. Be Italian managed fascist government.
His first breakthrough after taking office, was attacked Ethiopia with reference to the racist views of Charles Robert Darwin, "the Ethiopian nation's lower classes, as including blacks. If ordered by a superior race like Italy, it is a natural result of evolution." In fact, he insisted that nations evolve through battle. So be Italy that time the people who feared exploits.
Troubling, when he occupied the Abbesinia 1937, the world gasped cash. Best friends in Europe is Adolf Hitler, and they made an alliance, which is dragging Italy into World War II on the side of Germany in 1940. However, his forces defeated in Greece and Africa, and Italy itself was invaded by the troops of the United Kingdom and the United States in 1943. At that time Mussolini had been passed down from his throne and imprisoned. German paratroopers freed and return to power in northern Italy. End of history arrived shortly afterwards. When Italy finally defeated, he was shot by his Italian adversary and his body hung upside down in the Piazza Loreto in Milan.
7. Pol Pot
Saloth Sar (May 19 1925-15 April 1998), better known as Pol Pot, was the leader of the Khmer Rouge and the Prime Minister of Cambodia from 1976 to 1979. His reign was much of the blame for the death of about two million Cambodians, though the estimated amount of variety.
Democratic Cambodia
In early 1976 the Khmer Rouge hold Sihanouk under house arrest. The current government was immediately replaced and Prince Sihanouk was removed from his post as head of state. Cambodia into a communist republic under the name "Democratic Cambodia" (Democratic Kampuchea) and Khieu Samphan became president pertama.Pada May 13, 1976 Pol Pot was sworn in as Prime Minister of Cambodia and began to implement changes to the country's socialist. The bombing carried out by the US has resulted in abandoned rural areas and cities congested filled people (Population Phnom Penh increased by about 1 million compared to before 1976).
When the Khmer Rouge gained power, they are evacuating people from rural to urban areas where they are forced to live in the fields live together. Pol Pot regime was highly critical of the political opposition and criticism; thousands of politicians and officials were killed, and Phnom Penh, too, turned into a ghost town populated many died of starvation, disease or execution. Landmines (by Pol Pot they are referred to as "the perfect soldier") are widely distributed throughout the rural areas.
At the end of 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia. Cambodian troops easily defeated, and Pol Pot fled to the Thai border. On January 1979, Vietnam formed a puppet government under Heng Samrin, composed of members of the Khmer Rouge who had previously fled to Vietnam to avoid penmbasmian that occurred earlier in 1954. Many members of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia east who moved to Vietnam because of the fear of being accused collaborate. Pol Pot managed to maintain a sufficient number of followers to keep fighting in small areas in the west of Cambodia. At that time, China, which had previously supported Pol Pot, attacked, and led to the Sino-Vietnamese War that lasted no lama.Pol Pot, an enemy of the Soviet Union, also gained support from Thailand and the US. The US and China vetoed the allocation of Cambodia representative at the UN General Assembly emanating from the Heng Samrin government. US directly and indirectly support Pol Pot by channeling funds collected for the Khmer Rouge.
The death toll of the civil war, the consolidation of Pol Pot and the invasion of Vietnam still disputed. Sources that can be trusted from the West [1] put the figure of 1.6 million, while a specific source, such as the amount of three million deaths between 1975 and 1979, awarded by the Phnom Penh regime which supported Vietnam, PRK. Father Ponchaud provide an estimate of 2.3 million-although this includes hundreds of thousands of victims before the takeover of the Communist Party. Amnesty International calls 1.4 million; sedngkan US State Department, 1.2 million. Khieu Samphan and Pol Pot himself, each calling 1 million and 800,000.
Post-Communist Party government
Pol Pot resigned his position in 1985, but has remained as the de facto leader of the Communist Party and the dominant force in dalamnya.Pada 1989, Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia. Pol Pot refused the peace process, and kept fighting against the new coalition government. Khmer Rouge stand against government troops until 1996, when many troops who have lost morale began to leave. Several important Khmer Rouge officials also switch parties.
Pol Pot ordered the execution of his close associates Son Sen and eleven members of his family on June 10, 1997 for attempting to hold an agreement with the government (the news about this is not known outside Cambodia for three days). Pol Pot then fled but was captured Khmer Rouge military chief, Ta Mok and serve house arrest for life. In April 1998, Ta Mok fled into the forest area while bringing Pol Pot after a new government offensive. A few days later, on April 15, 1998, Pol Pot died - reportedly of a heart attack. His body was then burned in rural areas, witnessed by several members of ex-Khmer Rouge.
8. Augusto Pinochet
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (Valparaíso, 25 November 1915-Providencia, December 10, 2006) was a general and dictator of Chile. He is the head of the ruling military junta in Chile in the period 1973 - 1990. He came to power by means of a coup shortly after the democratic elections that chose the socialist President Salvador Allende. He appeared as the president of the Republic in 1974 - 1990 (from 1981 to the formation of a Constitution 1980) which baru.Sekitar 3,000 Chileans were killed during his reign. Pinochet introduced many neoliberal free market policies.
Operating through Jakarta, the US president, Richard Nixon used to assist CIA in the coup junta Chilean President Salvador Allende and raise the Deputy Commander of the Armed Forces of Chile, Augusto Pinochet Agurte. Since 1974-1990, no less than 2025 cases of human rights violations committed by the Pinochet regime through a secret service DINA (sort of his Kopkamtib Chile) has occurred. 1068 in the form of murders and 957 cases of people who carried out hilang.Kudeta Pinochet against Allende, when examined very similar to those allegedly committed by Suharto against Sukarno that is at least in part on:
Disturbing the circulation of documents about planning the murder of several generals and military commanders. This was in addition to the case in Chile (document plan 'Z') is also Indonesia (circulation list AD officials will be killed among labor leaders, politicians and military elite Chile).
Disebarnya issues that cause unrest and instability in domestic political grievances. Chilean society, especially the trade union militant and conservative generals got a shipment of small cards in which the printed words "Se Acerca Jakarta" (Jakarta Already Approaching).
Suspected coup is very strong both are equally supported the CIA.
In 1990 he lost power, but he made himself a senator for life, to prevent that he was not arrested. He was forced to leave the position of senator in 2002, but once again he was arrested, when it is said he was suffering from dementia. In May 2004 the judge said it was not true. On December 13, he was placed in custody rumah.Ia died on December 10, 2006 a week after suffering a heart attack.
9. Soeharto
Gen. Army Ret. Haji Moehammad Suharto, (ER, EYD: Suharto) (born in Kemusuk, Argomulyo, Yogyakarta, June 8, 1921 - died in Jakarta, January 27, 2008 at the age of 86 years [1]) is the President of Indonesia the second, replacing Sukarno, from 1967 until 1998.Sebelum became president, Suharto was the military leader during the Japanese occupation and the Netherlands, with the rank of Major General. After the September 30th Movement, Suharto claimed that the PKI was responsible party and led the operation to put it down. This operation killed more than 500,000 people.
Suharto then took over power from Sukarno, and officially became president in 1968. He was re-elected by the Assembly in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998. In 1998, his term expires after resigning on May 21 that year, following the May 1998 riots and the occupation of DPR / MPR building by thousands of students. He was the longest in Indonesia as president. Suharto was replaced by B.J. Habibie.
Rise to power
On the morning of October 1st 1965, several presidential guard troops, under Lieutenant Colonel Tjakrabirawa untung syamsuri alongside other troops abducted and killed six generals. In the event that General A.H. Nasution, who served as Coordinating Minister for Security and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces managed to escape. One who survived, that is not the target of the attempted coup was Major General Suharto, despite being a question whether Suharto was involved or not in the event known as the G-30-S was. Some sources said the troops involved Tjakrabirawa stated that they tried to stop a military coup backed by the CIA planned to remove the President from power on "Armed Forces Day", October 5, 1965 by a military body known as the General Council.
These events are immediately addressed by Major General Soeharto to immediately secure Jakarta, according to the official version of history in the New Order era, especially after getting the news that Lt. Gen. Ahmad Yani, Minister / Commander of the Army was not known to exist. It is actually based on the prevailing custom in the Army that when the Army Commander was unable to attend, then Commander of the Army Strategic Reserve Command who carry out their duties. This action is reinforced by the decline in Warrant known as Decree of March 11 (Supersemar) of President Sukarno, who gave the authority and mandate to Suharto to take all measures to restore security and order. Steps taken Soeharto was immediately dissolved the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) even had opposed the President, the arrest of a number of ministers suspected of involvement in the G-30-S (30 September Movement). This action according to international observers regarded as a step to get rid of the Armed Forces of Indonesia's pro-Sukarno and pro-Communist who actually addressed to the Indonesian Air Force in which the ranks of its leaders in particular Air Force Commander Admiral Air Omar Dhani considered pro Sukarno and the Communists, and eventually force Sukarno to hand over executive power. The cleaning action of the elements of the Communist (PKI) brought an action execution Communist Party members in Indonesia that led to the systematic murder of about 500 thousand "communist suspects", mostly civilians, and violence against the Chinese minority in Indonesia. Suharto is said to receive support in crushing the communist CIA. American diplomats 25 years later revealed that they had written a list of "operation communist" Indonesia and has submitted 5,000 names to the Indonesian military. Been Huang, a former member of the US political embassy in Jakarta said in 1990 that: "It is a great help for the Armed Forces. They probably killed a lot of people, and I probably have a lot of blood on my hands, but not that bad. There was a time in which you must strike hard at the right time. " Howard Fenderspiel, Indonesia expert at the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research in 1965: "No one cares, as long as they were communists, that they are slaughtered. Nothing works about him." 1 He ended confrontation with Malaysia in order to free up resources in military.
General Suharto eventually served as President of the Republic of Indonesia after President Sukarno accountability (Nawaksara) MPRS rejected in 1967, then set up what is called the Order Baru.Beberapa political observers both inside the country and abroad to say that the parliament of the communist Soeharto cleaning, getting rid of unions and improve the sensor. He also broke off diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and relations with western countries and the United Nations. He became decisive in all political decisions.
General Suharto is said to increase military funding and established two intelligence agencies - Command for the Restoration of Security and Order (Kopkamtib) and the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (Bakin). About 2 million people were executed in a mass cleansing and more than 200,000 were arrested only on suspicion of involvement in the coup. Many communists, suspected communists and the so-called "enemies of the state" was executed (although some punishment was postponed until 1990).
It was alleged that the list of suspected communists by the Suharto was given into the hands of the CIA. In addition, the CIA track's name in the list when the Suharto regime began looking for them. This unspoken support of the United States Government to the Suharto regime remained silent until the invasion of East Timor, and continued until the late 1990s. Because of its rich natural resources and huge consumer population, Indonesia valued as a trading partner the United States and so is the delivery of weapons but is maintained to the Suharto regime. When Suharto mengumjungi Washington in 1995 Clinton administration officials quoted in the New York Times said that Suharto was "people like us" or "our group".
On March 12, 1967 was appointed as Acting President Soeharto Indonesia by MPR meantime. A year later, on March 27, 1968 he was officially appointed as President for a term of five years of the first. He directly appoint 20% members of the Assembly. Golkar Party became the party favorite and the only one received by government officials. Indonesia also became one of the founders of ASEAN.
Indonesian economy really chaotic in the mid-1960s. Soeharto was then seek advice from a team of Western-educated economists results are widely known as the "Berkeley mafia". Short-term goal of this new rule is to control inflation, stabilize the rupiah, acquire foreign debt, and encouraging foreign investment. And for this one thing, their success can not be denied. Humardani Sudjono role as a financial assistant of great significance in achieving ini.Di socio-political field, Suharto handed it to Murtopo as an assistant for political issues. Eliminate the opposition to weaken the power of political parties carried out through the fusion of the party system.
New Order peak
During his reign, President Soeharto set economic growth as the principal tasks and goals of government. He raised a lot of technocrats and economists who previously opposed by President Sukarno, who tend to be socialist. Technocrats who are generally educated western and liberal (USA) was appointed graduated from Berkeley, so they are known in economics as the Berkeley Mafia click on the Economy, Industry and Finance Indonesia. At the time, Indonesia economic and financial assistance from donor countries (developed countries) that joined the IGGI dalan sponsored by the Dutch government. But in 1992, IGGI stopped by the Indonesian government because it is interfering in the domestic affairs of Indonesia, particularly in the case of East Timor after the Dili incident. IGGI role is replaced by donor-sponsored CGI France. In addition, Indonesia has received assistance from other international institutions under the UN like UNICEF, UNESCO and WHO. Unfortunately, the failure of economic management, which is based in the system of trickle down effect (trickle down) are concerned with growth and economic management in a few circles and poor economic management industry trade and finance (EKUIN) government, making Indonesia ultimately depend on international donors, particularly the post-crisis 1997. In the economic field too, Indonesia experienced a rice self-sufficiency recorded in 1984. However, this achievement was not tenable in the following years. Then economic progress Indonesia was considered to be very significant so that Indonesia could be included in a state approaching New Industrial countries together with Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand, in addition to Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea.
In the political sphere, President Soeharto unification of political parties so that at that time known as the three political parties namely the United Development Party (PPP), the Functional Group (Golkar) and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) in its efforts to simplify the political life in Indonesia as a result of Political future president Sukarno, who uses a multiparty system which resulted in the rise and fall of the cabinet and is considered the cause of stagnant development. Then dikeluarkannnya Law and Principles of Political sole principle that characterizes political life at that time. But along the way, there is inequality in political life which comes the term "single majority" where Golkar made castrate two main parties and other political parties in every implementation ELECTION. These grievances arise, but can be mitigated by the system at that time.
Along with the rising level of education during his reign because of economic growth, there are the criticisms and discontent over inequality inequality in development. Economic disparity, social and political circles led dissatisfied and demanded improvement. Later during his reign, there appeared the violence in society generally laden political interests, besides it is because of dissatisfaction of society.
Some notes to the repressive measures of the New Order
President Soeharto assessed initiate the repression of ethnic Chinese, prohibit the use of Chinese writing is written in a variety of written material, and close the Chinese organizations because of their sympathy accusations against communists. Nevertheless, Soeharto involved an intimate friendship with Lee Kuan Yew ever Prime Minister of Singapore widened the ethnic Chinese.
In 1970 Soeharto banned student protests after widespread demonstrations against corruption. A commission found that corruption is very common. Suharto agreed to only two cases and then closes the commission. Corruption then becomes a endemik.Dia ruled through military control and censorship of the media. He controls financial transactions by providing an easy and monopolies to his brothers, including six children. He also continued to play different factions in the military against each other, beginning with supporting nationalist group and then supporting the Islamic elements.
In 1973 he won the next five-year term through the ballot "electoral college". and reelected in 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998. Suharto changed the election law by allowing only three parties were allowed to contest the elections, including his own party, Golkar. Therefore all Islamic party that is required to join the United Development Party, while the parties of non-Islam (ka **** k and Protestant) and nationalist parties combined into the Indonesian Democratic Party.
In 1975, with the approval of even demand the United States and Australia, he ordered Indonesian troops to enter the former Portuguese colony of East Timor after Portugal withdrew and movement Fretilin holds a power that caused chaos in the East Timorese people Alone, as well as concerns the United States for an act Fretilin which he invites the intervention of the Soviet Union.Then the pro-integration government installed by Indonesia requested the area to integrate with Indonesia. On July 15, 1976 East Timor became the province of East Timor to the territory transferred to the UN administration in 1999.Korupsi a heavy burden in the 1980s. On May 5, 1980 a group which later became known by the name of Petition 50 demanding greater political freedoms. The group consists of members of the military, politicians, academics, and students. Indonesia suppress the news media and government mecekal signatories. After in 1984 the group alleged that Suharto created a one-party state, some human rights dipenjarakan.Catatan leader Suharto is also getting worse from year to year. In 1993 the UN Human Rights Commission made a resolution that expressed deep concern about the violations of human rights in Indonesia and East Timor. US President Bill Clinton supports it.
In 1996 Suharto trying to get rid of the leadership of Megawati Soekarnoputri of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), one of the three official parties. In June, Megawati supporters occupied the headquarters of the party. After security forces detained them, riots broke out in Jakarta on July 27, 1996 (event Grey Saturday) known as "The events Kudatuli" (Riot Two Seven July).
Suharto abdicate
In 1997, according to the World Bank, 20 to 30% of Indonesia's development fund had been abused for years. The Asian financial crisis in the same year did not bring good things for the rule of President Suharto when he was forced to ask for a loan, which also means a thorough and detailed examination of the IMF.
Mekipun had expressed for not renominated as President in the period 1998-2003, especially in the event Golkar, Suharto still make sure he was re-elected by parliament for the seventh time in March 1998. After several demonstrations, riots, political and military pressure, and culminating in the occupation of the DPR / MPR, President Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998 to avoid fragmentation and the outbreak of instability in Indonesia. Government followed by the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, BJ Habibie.Dalam reign that lasted for 32 years, there has been a misuse of power, including corruption and human rights violations. This is one of the factors the end of the Suharto era.
Cases of alleged corruption
Suharto has and chaired the seven foundation, Yayasan Dana Sejahtera Mandiri, Supersemar, Yayasan Dharma Bhakti Social (Dharmais), Yayasan Karya Bhakti Endowment Fund (Dakab), Yayasan Amal Bhakti Pancasila Muslim, Mutual Cooperation Foundation Humanitarian Fund, Foundation Trikora. In 1995, Suharto issued Presidential Decree No. 90 of 1995. This decree calls on employers to contribute 2 percent of its profits to the Foundation Fund Mandiri.
Results of the investigation of the seven foundations Suharto generate files 2,000 pages thick. This file contains the results of examination of 134 witnesses and 9 expert witnesses fact, following hundreds of authentic documents confiscated two teams that once formed the Attorney General, since 1999.Menurut Transparency International, Suharto embezzled with the highest number compared to other world leaders in history with an estimated 15 -35 billion US dollars during the 32-year reign.
On May 12, 2006, to coincide with the commemoration of Sewindu Trisakti, Attorney General Abdul Rahman Saleh issued a statement that it has issued Decree Termination of Prosecution (SKPP) case of former President Suharto, whose contents stop the prosecution of alleged corruption of former President Suharto in seven foundations that led to reasons of physical and mental condition of the accused were not feasible before the court. SKPP the South Jakarta District Court issued on May 11, 2006, but this SKPP then declared invalid by the South Jakarta District Court on June 12, 2006.
10. George Walker Bush
George Walker Bush (born in New Haven, Connecticut, July 6th, 1946, age 62 years) is the President of the United States to-43 are currently being served. He was sworn in January 20, 2001 after being elected through the presidential election in 2000 and re-elected in the presidential election in 2004. Position presidency a second time will end on January 20, 2009. Previously, he was governor of Texas 46th (1995-2000). This position was abandoned shortly after he was elected president.
Historically, the Bush family is part of the GOP and American politics. Bush is the eldest son of former US President George HW Bush. His mother is Barbara Bush. His grandfather, Prescott Bush is a former United States Senator from Connecticut. Being, his brother, Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida. Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, Bush announced a war against terrorism as a whole. Throughout October 2001, he ordered the invasion of Afghanistan to paralyze the strength of the Taliban and al-Qaeda.Pada March 2003, Bush ordered penyeranganan to Iraq on the grounds that Iraq has violated UN Resolution no. 1441 regarding weapons of mass destruction and therefore should be disarmed by kekerasan.Setelah overthrow of the regime of Saddam Hussein, Bush was determined to lead the US to establish democracy in the Middle East, beginning with Afghanistan and Irak.Namun up to now the situation in Iraq increasingly unstable due to prolonged disputes between Sunni groups, which in the past Saddam Hussein practically ruled over the majority Shiites, who are now in power dressing.
Bush first chosen in 2000, and became the fourth president in US history to be elected without winning the popular vote after the 1824, 1876 and 1888. Bush, who described himself as a "war president", was re-elected in the election campaign 2004setelah fierce and hot , In this campaign, the decision to conduct the war on terrorism and the Iraq War made the central issue. Bush became the first candidate to gain a majority of the popular vote victory since his father won 16 years sebelumnya.Dalam previous three general elections, the appearance of great third party candidates have been blocking the winner of the popular vote, Gore and Clinton, to acquire a majority of the people.
US President
Bush is the second person to be president who follow in the footsteps of his father George HW Bush, President of the United States 41st, after John Adams, the second president, and John Quincy Adams, the sixth, is the father and son. There are also a couple grandfather and grandson, William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison.
First term
His term as president dominated the "war against terrorism", which surfaced after the events of 9/11 (attack on the WTC). The attack maketh the reason for ordering the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 to liberate Afghanistan from the Taliban regime and Iraq in 2003 to topple Saddam Hussein's government. Bush claimed the US victory in the invasion of Iraq on May 1, 2003, but until recently (August 2006) the conflict in Iraq is not over because of attacks from the pemberon
Second term
Although many people who oppose these two events (especially from outside the US), he won the 2004 US presidential election by a margin of 3% with its main rival John Kerry. His second term still filled with trouble in Iraq, because the victims of the US forces continue to fall, reaching more than 2,500 people until August 3, 2006.
Another important event in the second term is Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. Bush is considered slow in dealing with this incident, which claimed thousands of lives. This incident also shows a clear economic gap between whites and blacks in America. In the alternative bioethics legislation signing ceremony was attended by 18 families with 20s toddlers born from embryos donated leftovers from in vitro fertilization procedures, for the first time he used its veto power to block the bill for the development of stem cell research embrionik.Pada current position of Chief of Staff The White House held by Joshua B. Bolten and chaired by the Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove.
0 comments:
Post a Comment